When Settlement Terms Are Agreed to Between Two or More Parties Within In a Multiple Party Lawsuit, Do the Remaining Parties Involved Need to Know?

Where Litigation Involves Multiple Parties and a Settlement Agreement Occurs Between Some of the Parties, Disclosure of the Settlement Agreement Must Be Promptly Provided to the Court and to the Parties Remaining Within the Litigation.


Understanding the Requirement to Disclose Settlement Details to All Parties Remaining Within the Litigation

Lawsuit Document In litigation that involves multiple parties, meaning a lawsuit with more than just a Plaintiff and a Defendant, where a Defendant, or more than one, enters into a settlement agreement with the Plaintiff, disclosure of the settlement agreement must be provided to the remaining litigants. This disclosure must be provided promptly and must contain sufficient details. Failure to immediately provide disclosure may result in a Stay of proceeding.

The Law

The mandate to disclose details of a settlement between some litigants, rather than all litigants, and the abuse of process with remedy of a Stay of proceeding upon the failure to disclose a settlement agreement to the remaining litigants was stated within the cases of Skymark Finance Corporation v. Ontario, 2023 ONCA 234, Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board v. Zizek, 2022 ONCA 638, and Poirier v. Logan, 2021 ONSC 1633, which was upheld by the Court of Appeal in Poirier v. Logan, 2022 ONCA 350, wherein such cases it was respectively said:


(1) The immediate disclosure rule

[46]  This court has held, repeatedly, that settlement agreements reached between some parties, but not others, need to be immediately disclosed to non-settling parties if they entirely change the litigation landscape. This litigation obligation may be traced back to this court’s decision in Laudon v. Roberts, 2009 ONCA 383, 308 D.L.R. (4th) 422, leave to appeal refused [2009] S.C.C.A. No. 304, Aecon Buildings v. Stephenson Engineering Limited, 2010 ONCA 898, 328 D.L.R. (4th) 488, leave to appeal refused [2011] S.C.C.A. No. 84, and Handley Estate. It has been restated and refined numerous times, especially in recent years: see Tallman Truck Centre Limited v. K.S.P. Holdings Inc., 2022 ONCA 66, 466 D.L.R. (4th) 324, leave to appeal refused, [2022] S.C.C.A. No. 170, at para. 23; Waxman v. Waxman, 2022 ONCA 311, 471 D.L.R. (4th) 52, leave to appeal refused, [2022] S.C.C.A. No. 188 , at para. 24; Poirier v. Logan, 2022 ONCA 350, leave to appeal refused [2022] S.C.C.A No. 255, at para. 47.

[47]  A helpful summary of how this rule operates is found in CHU de Québec–Université Laval v. Tree of Knowledge International Corp., 2022 ONCA 467, in which Sossin J.A. said, at para. 55:

The following principles can be drawn from this court’s decisions on the abuse of process that arises from a failure to immediately disclose an agreement which changes the litigation landscape:

a) There is a “clear and unequivocal” obligation of immediate disclosure of agreements that “change entirely the landscape of the litigation”. They must be produced immediately upon their completion: Handley Estate, at para. 45, citing [Aecon at paras. 13 and 16]; see also Waxman, at para. 24;

b) The disclosure obligation is not limited to pure Mary Carter or Pierringer agreements. The obligation extends to any agreement between or amongst the parties “that has the effect of changing the adversarial position of the parties into a co-operative one” and thus changes the litigation landscape: Handley Estate, at paras. 39, 41; see also Tallman, at para. 23; Waxman, at paras. 24, 37; Poirier, at para. 47;

c) The obligation is to immediately disclose information about the agreement, not simply to provide notice of the agreement, or “functional disclosure”: Tallman, at paras. 18-20; Waxman, at para. 39;

d) Both the existence of the settlement and the terms of the settlement that change the adversarial orientation of the proceeding must be disclosed: Poirier, at paras. 26, 28, 73;

e) Confidentiality clauses in the agreements in no way derogate from the requirement of immediate disclosure: Waxman, at para. 35;

f) The standard is “immediate”, not “eventually” or “when it is convenient”: Tallman, at para. 26;

g) The absence of prejudice does not excuse a breach of the obligation of immediate disclosure: Handley Estate, at para. 45; Waxman, at para. 24; and

h) Any failure to comply with the obligation of immediate disclosure amounts to an abuse of process and must result in serious consequences: Handley Estate, at para. 45Waxman, at para. 24; Poirier, at para. 38. The only remedy to redress the abuse of process is to stay the claim brought by the defaulting, non-disclosing party. This remedy is necessary to ensure the court is able to enforce and control its own processes and ensure justice is done between the parties: Handley Estate, at para. 45; Tallman, at para. 28; Waxman, at paras. 24, 45-47; Poirier, at paras. 38-42.

[48]  I wish to stress an additional point. The immediate disclosure rule is not designed to discourage settlements – far from it. The rule simply compels the immediate disclosure of such agreements when they profoundly impact the litigation. This was clear from inception of this line of authority. In Aecon, MacFarland J.A. said the following, at para. 13:

While it is open to parties to enter into such agreements, the obligation upon entering such an agreement is to immediately inform all other parties to the litigation as well as to the court. [Emphasis in original.]

[49]  In her reasons the previous year in Laudon, at para. 39, MacFarland J.A. adopted the following rationale for the rule in Pettey v. Avis Car Inc. (1993), 1993 CanLII 8669 (ON SC), 13 O.R. (3d) 725 (Gen. Div.), in which Ferrier J. said, at pp. 737-738:

The non-contracting defendants must be advised immediately because the agreement may well have an impact on the strategy and line of cross-examination to be pursued and evidence to be led by them. The non-contracting parties must also be aware of the agreement so that they can properly assess the steps being taken from that point forward by the plaintiff and the contracting defendants. In short, procedural fairness requires immediate disclosure. Most importantly, the court must be informed immediately so that it can properly fulfil its role in controlling its process in the interests of fairness and justice to all parties. [Emphasis added.]

More recently, this passage was endorsed by Brown J.A. in Handley Estate, at para. 36, and by Paciocco J.A. in Poirier, at para. 42.

[50]  This case illustrates these concerns. As noted above, the defendants were forced to discover Mr. Slattery without knowing the terms of the Minutes of Settlement and not knowing how Skymark had negotiated Ms. Smith’s cooperation. Similarly, a judge reading the bare pleadings in this case would have no idea of the seismic shift in the litigation caused behind the scenes by the Minutes of Settlement. Ms. Smith’s disclosed affidavit would have gone a long way, but it did not tell the entire story.

(2) The entirety of the litigation landscape

[51]  What does the expression, “to change the entirety of the litigation landscape”, mean?  That is an often recurring issue in this line of cases. As the cases cited above demonstrate, the determination is fact-specific, based on the configuration of the litigation and the various claims among the parties. On appeal, a motion judge's finding with respect to the change to the litigation landscape is a question of mixed fact and law and, barring an extricable error of law, is entitled to deference on appeal: Waxman, at para. 27; Performance Analytics v. McNeely, 2022 ONCA 731, at para. 3.

[52]  This concept – a change to the entire litigation landscape – has been explained in similar, yet not identical ways in this court’s cases. In Laudon, at para. 39, MacFarland J.A. described such an agreement as one that “significantly alters the relationship among the parties to the litigation.” In Aecon Buildings, at para. 13, she referred to agreements that “change entirely the landscape of the litigation”, restated by Brown J.A. in Handley Estate, at para. 37.

[53]  More recently, in Crestwood Preparatory College Inc v. Smith, 2022 ONCA 743, at para. 57, Feldman J.A. referred to agreements that have “the effect of changing entirely the landscape of the litigation in a way that significantly alters the dynamics of the litigation” (emphasis added). I would adopt this more specific language.

[54]  In this case, Skymark narrows in on the word “entirely” from the formulation in Aecon and Handley. Its basic position is that, unless all parties are impacted by a settlement agreement, the landscape has not been changed entirely. A logical corollary of this proposition is that, if a single, non-settling defendant – no matter how minor – is not impacted by a litigation agreement, the landscape cannot be said to have been changed “entirely”. I would not adopt such a narrow and literal interpretation.

[55]  The necessary magnitude of the change to the litigation landscape must be informed by the values that the rule is meant to advance. This court has repeatedly held that the rule is meant to preserve fairness to the parties. It is also designed to preserve the integrity of the court process. That is why the failure to observe the immediate disclosure rule is considered to be an abuse of the court’s process, which can only be remedied by a stay of proceedings: see Handley, at para. 45. In Tallman, this court said, at para. 28: “This remedy is designed to achieve justice between the parties. But it does more than that – it also enables the court to enforce and control its own process by deterring future breaches of this well-established rule.


[3]  On September 4, 2019, the respondent settled its claim against all of the defendants, save for the appellant. The settlement required, among other things, that the settling defendants provide evidence for the respondent’s claim against the appellant. The respondent was aware that this settlement would impact the litigation, including expanding the scope of the fraud alleged. Among other things that occurred as a result of the settlement agreement, the respondent obtained a large volume of documents from the settling defendants. It also sought to add the appellant’s wife and children as defendants.

[4]  The appellant only became aware of this settlement when the respondent served a motion for directions to implement the settlement on December 6, 2019, returnable on December 19, 2019. In response, the appellant brought the motion to stay.

[5]  The motion judge dismissed the motion to stay. She concluded that there was no abuse of process involved that would warrant a stay. She also found it would not be just to grant a stay.

[6]  In our view, the motion judge misunderstood, and thus failed to apply, the principle enunciated in various decisions of this court regarding the obligations on a party who enters into a settlement agreement, such as a Mary Carter or Pierringer agreement. Those cases require a party to “immediately” advise the other parties of such an agreement. The failure to do so by itself constitutes an abuse of process.

[7]  Instead, the motion judge engaged in a detailed and separate analysis of the concept of abuse of process and its origins. None of that was necessary to address the issue that was before her. All that was required was for the motion judge to follow and apply the directions of this court regarding the requirements that flow when these types of agreements are entered into, and the consequences that arise when those requirements are not met. Those consequences are clearly set out in several cases, but especially in Aecon Buildings v. Stephenson Engineering Limited, 2010 ONCA 898, 328 D.L.R. (4th) 488 where MacFarland J.A. said, at para. 13:

We do not endorse the practice whereby such agreements are concluded between or among various parties to the litigation and are not immediately disclosed. While it is open to parties to enter into such agreements, the obligation upon entering such an agreement is to immediately inform all other parties to the litigation as well as to the court. [Emphasis in original.]

[8]  As was the case in Aecon, several months passed before the respondent revealed the existence of the settlement agreement. The argument that this delay was justified because the respondent needed to seek directions from the court regarding the implementation of the settlement, which was accepted by the motion judge, does not excuse the respondent’s failure to immediately advise the appellant of the existence of the settlement agreement. Nothing prevented the respondent from immediately advising the appellant of the settlement agreement and then, subsequently, bringing a motion for directions. It is that fact that distinguishes this case from the decision of this court in CHU de Québec-Université Laval v. Tree of Knowledge International Corp., 2022 ONCA 467 on which the respondents attempted to rely. In that case, the day after the settlement agreement was signed, and two days after it became effective, counsel advised the respective counsel for the non-settling defendants of the existence of the settlement agreement, by way of an email. This court found that “the essential terms of the agreement were disclosed immediately” as a result of that email. No such notification was made in this case.

[9]  The motion judge also found that it would be “unjust” to the respondent to foreclose its action. That submission is repeated by the respondent before us. We first note that, if there is any failure of justice, it is entirely of the respondent’s own making. As acknowledged by the respondent’s counsel before us, there was nothing that prevented an immediate notification of the type that was made in Tree of Knowledge. In any event, a showing of prejudice is not a requirement in these situations. As MacFarland J.A. said in Aecon, at para. 16:

Here, the absence of prejudice does not excuse the late disclosure of this agreement. The obligation of immediate disclosure is clear and unequivocal. It is not optional. Any failure of compliance amounts to abuse of process and must result in consequences of the most serious nature for the defaulting party.

[10] The principle established by Aecon has been confirmed in a number of subsequent decisions of this court.[1] The principle itself is clear. The requirement that a settlement agreement must be disclosed immediately means exactly what it says. This is not a matter of discretion, nor is it a matter of “context”, nor of factual analysis. More than three months passed before the existence of the settlement agreement was disclosed to the appellant. There was, thus, a clear failure to notify the appellant immediately. The motion judge failed to understand and apply that central principle and, thus, erred in her conclusion not to grant a stay.


[45]  When there are co-defendants or co-respondents, and the plaintiff or applicant settles with one or more of them but not all of them, and the settlement changes the adversarial orientation of the proceeding, as for example, when the settling co-defendant agrees to co-operate in the plaintiff’s prosecution of the proceeding, the plaintiff or applicant must immediately disclose to the non-settling defendants or non-settling respondents that (a) there is a settlement and (b) the terms of the settlement that change the adversarial orientation of the proceeding.[4]

[46]  In Pettey v. Avis Car Inc.,[5] Justice Ferrier explained why the settlement terms must be disclosed and how the adversarial orientation of a lawsuit can be changed by a settlement; he stated:

[…] The agreement must be disclosed to the parties and to the court as soon as the agreement is made. The non-contracting [non-settling] defendants must be advised immediately because the agreement may well have an impact on the strategy and line of cross-examination to be pursued and evidence to be led by them. The non-contracting parties must also be aware of the agreement so that they can properly assess the steps being taken from that point forward by the plaintiff and the contracting [settling] defendants. In short, procedural fairness requires immediate disclosure. Most importantly, the court must be informed immediately so that it can properly fulfil its role in controlling its process in the interests of fairness and justice to all parties.

[47]  In Moore v. Bertuzzi,[6] at paragraph 76, I discussed the principles elucidated by Justice Ferrier in Pettey v. Avis Car Inc. as follows:

76. The court needs to understand the precise nature of the adversarial orientation of the litigation in order to maintain the integrity of its process, which is based on a genuine not a sham adversarial system and which maintenance of integrity may require the court to have an issue-by-issue understanding of the positions of the parties. The adversarial orientation of a lawsuit is complex because parties may be adverse about some issues and not others. In these regards, it is worth noting from the above passage from Pettey v. Avis Car Inc. that Justice Ferrier explained the need for disclosure of the settlement agreement because of its "impact on the strategy" but he said: "most importantly, the court must be informed immediately so that it can properly fulfil its role in controlling its process in the interests of fairness and justice to all parties."

[48]  Both the existence of the settlement agreement and the terms of it, other than terms that do not affect the adversarial orientation of the lawsuit, must be disclosed.[7] The failure to disclose immediately or the failure to disclose the terms of a settlement that changes the proceeding’s adversarial orientation is an abuse of process for which the only remedy is the dismissal of the proceeding.[8]

[49]  The dismissal principle applies to what are known as Mary Carter agreements[9] and Pierringer agreements,[10] sometimes called a "Proportionate Share Settlement Agreement", and to other settlement agreements that like Mary Carter agreements and Pierringer agreements change the litigation landscape.[11] If there is a failure to promptly and properly disclose, it is no answer that the non-settling defendant or respondent was not prejudiced by the time that it learned of the settlement.[12]


[72]  There is no question that the decision of the motion judge to stay the actions against the respondents is a serious, arguably even harsh consequence. In Aecon, at para. 16, MacFarland J.A. described the policy reasons supporting the automatic remedy of a stay, and in Handley Estate, at paras. 45-47, Brown J.A. expressed the view that no unfairness is likely to arise because of the ease of compliance with the obligation to disclose, including, if necessary, by seeking directions from a court in cases of uncertainty.[7]

[73]  I would find that the motion judge identified and applied the law correctly and committed no palpable or overriding errors in doing so.

In Poirier, both at the Motion and upon Appeal, the judges focused upon the prior decision of Handley Estate v. DTE Industries Limited, 2018 ONCA 324, in determining that the appropriate remedy for failure of settlement disclosure is to deem such conduct as an abuse of process and dismiss the claims of the party that failed to disclose.  In Handley, it was specifically stated:


The obligation of immediate disclosure

[35]  Since at least the 1993 decision in Pettey v. Avis Car Inc. (1993), 1993 CanLII 8669 (ON SC), 13 O.R. (3d) 725 (Gen. Div.), the law in Ontario has been clear that Mary Carter-type agreements[1] must be disclosed to the court and to the other parties to the lawsuit as soon as the agreement is made.

[36]  In the 2009 decision in Laudon v. Roberts, 2009 ONCA 383, 249 O.A.C. 72, at para. 39, leave to appeal refused, [2009] S.C.C.A. No. 304, this court repeated the obligation to disclose such an agreement to the court and to the other parties to the lawsuit “as soon as it is concluded”. That disclosure obligation, and its rationale, were explained by this court at para. 39 of its reasons:

The existence of a [Mary Carter agreement] significantly alters the relationship among the parties to the litigation.  Usually the position of the parties will have changed from those set out in their pleadings. It is for this reason that the existence of such an agreement is to be disclosed, as soon as it is concluded, to the court and to the other parties to the litigation.  The reason for this is well stated in [Pettey, at pp. 737-738]:

The answer is obvious. The agreement must be disclosed to the parties and to the court as soon as the agreement is made.  The non-contracting defendants must be advised immediately because the agreement may well have an impact on the strategy and line of cross-examination to be pursued and evidence to be led by them.  The non-contracting parties must also be aware of the agreement so that they can properly assess the steps being taken from that point forward by the plaintiff and the contracting defendants. In short, procedural fairness requires immediate disclosure. Most importantly, the court must be informed immediately so that it can properly fulfil its role in controlling its process in the interests of fairness and justice to all parties. [Emphasis added.]

[37]  One year later in Aecon, this court considered an agreement between the plaintiff, Aecon, and the sole defendant, the City of Brampton, that capped the damages for which Brampton might be liable to Aecon. Those parties did not disclose their agreement to the third and fourth parties until several months after its conclusion. This court held that agreements which “change entirely the landscape of the litigation” must be disclosed immediately, stating, at para. 13:

We do not endorse the practice whereby such agreements are concluded between or among various parties to the litigation and are not immediately disclosed.  While it is open to parties to enter into such agreements, the obligation upon entering such an agreement is to immediately inform all other parties to the litigation as well as to the court … The reason for this is obvious. Such agreements change entirely the landscape of the litigation. [Italics in original and underlining added.]

[38]  In Aecon, the failure of the plaintiff and defendant to disclose immediately their litigation agreement led this court to stay the third and fourth party proceedings.

Litigation agreements covered by the obligation of immediate disclosure

[39]  The obligation of immediate disclosure is not limited to pure Mary Carter or Pierringer[2] agreements. The disclosure obligation extends to any agreement between or amongst parties to a lawsuit that has the effect of changing the adversarial position of the parties set out in their pleadings into a co-operative one: Aviaco International Leasing Inc. v. Boeing Canada Inc. (2000), 2000 CanLII 22777 (ON SC), 9 B.L.R. (3d) 99 (Ont. S.C.), at para. 23. To maintain the fairness of the litigation process, the court needs to “know the reality of the adversity between the parties” and whether an agreement changes “the dynamics of the litigation” or the “adversarial orientation”: Moore v. Bertuzzi, 2012 ONSC 3248, 110 O.R. (3d) 611, at paras. 75-79.

[40]  In Aviaco, at para. 23, the court formulated the question to pose to ascertain whether an agreement triggers the immediate disclosure requirement:

Do the terms of the agreement alter the apparent relationships between any parties to the litigation that would otherwise be assumed from the pleadings or expected in the conduct of the litigation?

[41]  In the present case, the motion judge rejected Aviva’s argument that the 2011 Litigation Agreement did not alter the adversarial orientation in the lawsuit between it and H&M. Aviva does not challenge that finding, and properly so. Although the 2011 Litigation Agreement was not a “pureMary Carter agreement, and while the terms of the 2011 and 2016 Litigation Agreements were not identical to those in the agreement at issue in Aecon, nevertheless they shared the same essential element: they changed the relationship between two parties from an adversarial one into a co-operative one. As such, the 2011 and 2016 Litigation Agreements were ones that changed the litigation landscape.

The remedy for failing to disclose immediately an agreement that changes the litigation landscape

[42]  Aviva submits the Aecon decision did not lay down a general rule about the remedy a court should grant where a party’s conduct amounts to an abuse of process because the party failed to disclose immediately an agreement that changed the landscape of the litigation. Aecon, it contends, must be confined to its facts, which differ from those in the present case. Aviva contends that in any case where a court finds that a party has committed an abuse of process, the court must engage in a case-specific proportionality analysis to craft an appropriate remedy, as was done in the Abarca decision. Not to do so, Aviva argues, would ignore the flexible application of the doctrine of abuse of process articulated by cases such as Toronto (City) v. C.U.P.E., Local 79, 2003 SCC 63, [2003] 3 S.C.R. 77.

[43]  I do not accept this submission.

[44]  First, the Abarca case did not involve a litigation agreement and did not discuss the consequences of a failure to disclose immediately such an agreement.

[45]  By contrast, Aecon squarely addressed the consequences that should flow from a specific kind of abuse of process – a party’s failure to disclose immediately an agreement that alters the adversarial posture of the litigation. Several clear messages emanate from Aecon:

(i)  The obligation of immediate disclosure of agreements that “change entirely the landscape of the litigation” is “clear and unequivocal” – they must be produced immediately upon their completion: at paras. 13 and 16;

(ii)  The absence of prejudice does not excuse the late disclosure of such an agreement: at para. 16;

(iii)  “Any failure of compliance amounts to abuse of process and must result in consequences of the most serious nature for the defaulting party”: at para. 16; and

(iv)  The only remedy to redress the wrong of the abuse of process is to stay the claim asserted by the defaulting, non-disclosing party. Why?  Because sound policy reasons support such an approach:

Only by imposing consequences of the most serious nature on the defaulting party is the court able to enforce and control its own process and ensure that justice is done between and among the parties. To permit the litigation to proceed without disclosure of agreements such as the one in issue renders the process a sham and amounts to a failure of justice: at para. 16.

[46]  Aecon identified the remedy for a specific kind of abuse of process. As a matter of litigation procedural policy, no unfairness is likely to arise from the application of the Aecon principles. At least one party to a litigation agreement usually is an insurer or other sophisticated litigation participant who should be well aware of the Aecon principles. Where such a sophisticated party fails to comply with its clear disclosure obligation, judicial time should not be spent on inquiring into what, if any, prejudice was caused by a breach of the party’s clear obligation (or, as argued by Aviva, whether the undisclosed litigation agreement somehow actually benefited the parties who knew nothing of its existence).

[47]  Moreover, if a party to a litigation agreement is unclear whether the agreement has the effect of changing the adversarial position of the contracting parties, thereby attracting the mandatory disclosure obligation, it is always open to the party to move before the court for directions. In that way, the court can enforce and control its own process and ensure that justice is done between and among the parties.

Conclusion

[48]  I conclude that the motion judge misdirected himself regarding the principles in Aecon. He erred by failing to apply Aecon’s remedy of staying the claim of the party that did not immediately disclose a litigation agreement. Given that misdirection, his discretionary decision is not entitled to deference in the circumstances: Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tobiass, 1997 CanLII 322 (SCC), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 391, at para. 87. The motion judge should have applied Aecon and granted the stay Williamson requested.

The decision in Handley Estate, as followed in Poirier, make it clear that a failure to disclose a settlement agreement is an abuse of process remedied by a stay of proceeding or an outright dismissal the claims of an offending party.

“The agreement must be disclosed to the parties and to the court as soon as the agreement is made.”
~ Brown J.A.
Handley Estate v. DTE Industries Limited,
2018 ONCA 324

Summary Comment

When two or more parties to a litigative proceeding come to a settlement agreement, disclosure of the settlement agreement must be provided to the court and remaining litigants as promptly as possible.  A failure to provide proper disclosure is an abuse of process that may, and likely will, result in a stay of proceedings or dismissal.

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